Age: very young and elderly are at increased risk.
Nutrition: malnutrition and obesity increase risk of complications.
Fluid and electrolyte balance: dehydration, hypovolemia, and electrolyte imbalances can pose problems during surgery.
General health status: infection, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary problems, liver dysfunction, renal insufficiency, or metabolic disorders create increased risk.
Medications
Anticoagulants (including aspirin and NSAIDS) predispose to hemorrhage; discontinue 2 weeks before surgery.
Tranquilizers (e.g., phenothiazines) may cause hypotension and potentiate shock.
Antibiotics: aminoglycosides may intensify neuromuscular blockade of anesthesia with resultant respiratory paralysis.
Diuretics: may cause electrolyte imbalances.
Antihypertensives: can cause hypotension and contribute to shock.
Long-term steroid therapy: causes adrenocortical suppression; may need increased dosage during perioperative period.
Type of surgery planned: major surgery (e.g., thoractomy) poses greater risk than minor surgery (e.g., dental extraction).
Psychologic status of client: excessive fear or anxiety may have adverse effect on surgery.
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