a. diagnostic - performed to determine the origin and cause of a disorder or the cell type of a cancer
e.g., breast biopsy, exploratory laparotomy
b. curative - performed to resolve a health problem by repairing or removing the cause
e.g., cholelithiasis, mastectomy, hysterectomy
c. restorative - performed to improve a patient's functional ability
e.g., total knee replacement, finger reimplantation
d. palliative - performed to relieve symptoms of a disease process, but does not cure
e.g., colostomy, nerve root resection, tumor debulking, ileostomy
e. cosmetic - performed primarily to alter or enhance a person's appearance
e.g., revision of scars, liposuction, rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty
II. urgency of surgery
a. elective - planned for correction of a nonacute problem
e.g., cataract removal, hernia repair, total joint replacement
b. urgent - requires prompt intervention; or may be life-threatening if treatment delayed
e.g., intestinal obstruction, bladder obstruction, kidney or urethral stones
c. emergency - requires immediate intervention because of life-threatening consequences
e.g., gunshot wound, stab wound, severe bleeding
III. degree of risk of surgery
a. minor surgery (low degree of risk) - procedure without significant risk, often done with local anesthesia
e.g., incision and drainage, muscle biopsy
b. major surgery (high degree of risk) - procedure of greater risk, usually longer and more extensive than a minor procedure
e.g., mitral valve replacement (MVR), pancreas implant, lymph node dissection
IV. extent of surgery
a. simple - only the most overtly affected areas involved in the surgery
e.g., simple or partial mastectomy
b. radical - extensive surgery beyond the area obviously involved; is directed at finding a root cause
e.g., radical mastectomy or prostatectomy
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